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Comparison between Water Carriage method and Conservancy system

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    The water carriage method and the conservancy system are two different ways of managing sewage and waste water. The water carriage method involves the use of a network of pipes and pumps to transport sewage and waste water to a treatment plant where it is processed and then released into the environment. This is the most common method used in modern cities and towns. The conservancy system, on the other hand, relies on the use of privies, pit latrines, and septic tanks to collect and treat sewage and waste water. This method is typically used in rural areas where a centralized sewage treatment system is not feasible. Both methods have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. The water carriage method is more efficient and effective in treating and disposing of sewage and waste water, but it is also more expensive to install and maintain. The conservancy system is less expensive, but it can lead to environmental pollution if not properly maintained.   ...
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Assumptions in Limit State of collapse in Flexure

  Assumptions in Limit State of collapse in Flexure 1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending. It means that the strain at any point in the cross-section is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. 2. The max strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending. 3. The relationship between the stress-strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be parabolic. For design purpose, the compressive strength of concrete is assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength of concrete. The partial safety factor = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this  Max Compressive stress in concrete = 0.67Fck / 1.5 4. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored. 5. The stresses in the reinforcement are taken from the stress-strain curve for the type of steel used. For design purposes, the partial safety factor is equal to 1.15 shall be applied. 6. The max strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall n...
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